Updated Review-5

Recent research demands a revision of the previous analysis of motivational mechanisms as a pool of neurons responsible for the animal's motivational state. I have abandoned the proposition that the pool of neurons is homogeneous and accepted instead that it has a certain degree of differentiation. Hence, the defense motivational mechanism is now proposed to have at least two differentiated pools of neurons, one mediating consociate defense and one mediating anti-predator defense, and the offense motivational mechanism is now proposed to include at least two differentiated pools of neurons, one mediating competitive fighting and one mediating territorial fighting. As shown in figure 1, the offense motivational mechanism is proposed to have two differentiated sets of inputs and a single uniform set of outputs. While most of the inputs and outputs of the defense motivational mechanism are similar for both consociate and anti-predator defense, the latter may have one differentiated input and one or several differentiated outputs, depending on the species concerned.