Ratio of central nervous system to body metabolism in vertebrates: its constancy and functional basis
Notes and References Page 9

Title page & Abstract


Introduction


Methods


Discussion
of Methods


Table


Results


Figure 3


Discussion


References

We acknowledge the intellectual support and stimulation of Harry Sinnamon and Art Iberall. Figures 1-3 were prepared by Bitsy Robinson. And we acknowledge Wesleyan University for its academic atmosphere in which undergraduates are encouraged to become involved in the process of research and publication.

Current address of R. J. Blumenschine: Dept. of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720.

Received 10 June 1980; accepted in final form 13 March 1981.

1. ANTHONY, R. Anatomie cómparée du cerveau. Paris: Doin, 1928.

2. ARISTOTLE. The parts of animals. In; Great Books of the Western World, translated by W. Ogle. Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952, vol. 9, p. 178.

3. ASHBY, K. R. The population ecology of a self-maintaining colony of the common frog (Rana temporaria). J. Zool. London 158: 453-474,1969.

4. BAUCHOT, R., AND H, STEPHAN. Données nouvelles sur l'encephalisation des insectivores et des prosimiens. Mammalia 30: l60-196,1966.

5. BEAMISH, F. W. H. Respiration of fishes with special emphasis on standard oxygen consumption. II. Influence of weight and temperature on respiration of several species. Can. J. Zool. 42: 177-188, 1964.

6. BEAMISH, F. W. H., AND P. S. MOOKHERJII. Respiration of fishes with special emphasis on standard oxygen consumption. I. Influence of weight and temperature on respiration of goldfish, Carassius auratus L. Can. J. Zool. 42: 161-175, 1964.

7. BENEDICT, F. G. The Physiology of Large Reptiles. Washington, DC: Carnegie Inst. Washington, 1932. (Publ. 425)

8. BENEDICT, F. G. Vital Energetics: a study in Comparative Basal Metabolism. Washington, DC: Carnegie Inst. Washington, 1938.(Publ. 503)

9. BERING, E. A., JR. Effect of body temperature change on cerebral oxygen consumption of the intact monkey. Am. J. Physiol. 200: 417-419,196l.

10. BLINKOV, S. M., AND I. I. GLEZER. The Human Brain in Figures and Tables: a Quantitative Handbook. New York: Plenum, 1968.

11. BLUMENSCHINE, R. J., J. W. MINK, AND D. B. ADAMS. Basal metabolism predicts size of vertebrate CNS (Abstract). Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 4: 97, 1978.

12. BONN, G. VON. Brain-weight and body-weight of mammals. J, Gen. Psychol. 16: 379-389, 1937.

13. BRODY, S., AND R. C. PROCTOR. Growth and development. XXIII. Relation between basal metabolism and mature body weight in different species of mammals and birds. Univ. MO. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Bull. 166: l-101, 1932.

14. BRUHN, J, M. The respiratory metabolism of infrahuman primates. Am. J. Physiol. 110: 477-484, 1934.

15, BRUMMELKAMP, R. Das Wachstum der Gehimmasse mit kleinen Cephalisierungssprungen (sog.√2 -sprüngen) bei den Ungulaten. Acta Neerl. Morphol. 2: 260-275, 1939.

16. COLE, F. J. A History of Comparative Anatomy. London: Macmillan, 1944.

17. COLEMAN, W. Georges Cuvier Zoologist: a Study in the History of Evolution Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1964.

18. COUNT, E. W. Brain and body weight in man: their antecedents in growth and evolution. Ann, NY Acad. Sci. 46: 993-1122, 1947.

19. CRILE, G. W, Intelligence, Power and Personality. New York: Wittlesey, 1941.

20. CRILE, G., AND D. P. QUIRING. A record of the body weight and certain organ and gland weights of 3690 animals. Ohio J. Sci. 40: 219-261, 1940.

21. DAVISON, J. Body weight, cell surface, and metabolic rate in anuran amphibia. Biol. Bull. 109: 407-419, 1955.

22. DUBOIS, E. On the relation between the quantity of brain and the size of the body in vertebrates. Verb. K. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam Afd. Natuurkd. 16: 647-668, 1913.

23. EKLÖF, B., N. A. LASSEN, L. NILLSSON, K. NORBERG, AND B. K. SIESJÖ,. Blood flow and metabolic rate for oxygen in the cerebral cortex of the rat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 88: 587-589, 1973.

24. ELLIOT, K. A. C., AND I. H. HELLER. Metabolism of neurons and glia, In: Metabolism of the Nervous System, edited by D. Richter. London: Pergamon, 1957, p. 286-290.

25. ELLIOT, K. A. C., AND N. HENDERSON. Metabolism of brain tissue slices and suspensions from various mammals. J. Neurophysiol. 11:473-484, 1948.

26. ENGER, P. S. Heat regulation and metabolism in some tropical mammals and birds. Acta Physiol. Scand. 40: 161-166, 1957.

27. FREEMAN, J. A. Oxygen consumption, brain metabolism, and respiratory movements of goldfish during temperature acclimatization, with special reference to lowered temperatures. Biol. Bull. 99: 416-424, 1950,

28. FULTON, J. F. Textbook of Physiology (17th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1955.

29. FUHRMAN, F1 A., N. HOLLINGER, J. M. CRISMON, J. FIELD II, AND F. W, WEYMOUTH. The metabolism of the excised brain of the largemouthed bass (Huro sakmoides) at graded temperature levels. Physiol. Zool. 17: 42-50, 1944.

30. GEIGER, A., AND J. MAGNES. The isolation of the cerebral circulation and the perfusion of the brain in the living cat. Am. J. Physiol. 149: 517-537, 1947.

31. GIAJA, J., AND B. MALES. Sur la valeur du métabolisme de base de quelques animaux en fonction de leur surface. Ann. PhysioL Physicochem. Biol. 4: 875-904, 1928.

32. GILBOE, D. D., AND A. L. BETZ, Oxygen uptake in the isolated canine brain. Am. J. Physiol. 224: 588-595, 1973.

33. HALL, F. G. The respiratory exchange in turtles. J. Metab. Res. 6:393-401, 1924.

34. HALL, F. G., AND I. E. GRAY. The hemoglobin concentration of the blood of marine fishes. J. Biol. Chem. 81: 589-595, 1929.

35. HARDESTY, I. Observations on the spinal cord of the emu and its segmentation. J. Comp. Neural. 15: 81-97, 1905.

36. HEMMINGSEN, A. M. Energy metabolism as related to body size and respiratory surfaces and its evolution. Rep. Steno Mem. Hosp. Nord. Insulinlab. 9: 1-110, 1960.

37. HERTZ, L., AND T. CLAUSEN. Effects of potassium and sodium on respiration: their specificity to slices from certain brain regions. Biochem. J. 89: 526-533, 1963,

38. HIMWICH, H. E., AND J. F. FAZEKAS. Comparative studies of the metabolism of the brain of infant and adult dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 132: 454-459, 1941.

39. HOVY, A. J. On the relation between the quantity of white and grey substance in the central nervous system. Verh. K. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam Afd. Natuurkd. 16: 311-318, 1913.

40. HUDSON, J. W., AND S. L. KIMZEY. Temperature regulation and metabolic rhythms in populations of the house sparrow, Passer domesticus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 17: 203-217, 1966.

41. IBERALL, A. S. Blood flow and oxygen uptake in mammals, Ann. Biomed. Eng. 1: l-8, 1972.

42. IRVING, L., P F. SCHOLANDER, AND S. W. GRINNELL. The respiration of the porpoise, Tursiops truncatus. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 17: 145-168, 1941.

43. IRVING, L., 0. M. SOLANDT, D. Y. SOLANDT, AND K. C. FISHER. The respiratory metabolism of the seal and its adjustment to diving. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 7: 137-151, 1935.

44. JERISON, H. J. Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence. New York: Academic, 1973.

45. JERISON, H. J. The theory of encephalization. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 299: 146-160, 1977.

46. KAWAMURA, A. A consideration on an available source of energy and its cost for locomotion in fin whales with special reference to the seasonal migrations. Sci. Rep. Whale Fish. Inst. 27: 69-79,1975.

47. KAYSER, C. Le problème de la loi des tailles et de la loi des surfaces tel qu'il apparait dans l'étude de la calorification des bactraciens et reptiles et des mammiferes hibernants. Arch. Sci. Physiol. 4: 361-378,1950.

48. KESTNER, 0. Über die Oberflacheroregel des Stoffwechsels. Arch. Gesamte Physiol. 234: 290-301, 1934.

49. KETY, S. S. Changes in cerebral circulation and oxygen consumption which accompany maturation and aging. In: Biochemistry of the Developing Nervous System, edited by S. S. Kety. New York: Academic, 1955, p. 208-217.

50. KETY, S, S. The general metabolism of the brain in vivo. In: Metabolism of the Nervous System, edited by D. Richter. London: Pergamon, 1957, p. 221-237.

51. KIBLER, H. H., S. BRODY, AND D, WORSTELL. Surface area and metabolism of growing guinea pigs. J. Nutr. 33: 331-338, 1947.

52. KROMPECHER, S., AND J. LIPÁK. A simple method for determining cerebralization. J. Comp. Neurol. 127: 113-120, 1966.

53. KRUSKA, D., AND M. R~HRS. Comparative-quantitative investigations on brains of feral pigs from the Galapagos Islands and of european domestic pigs. 2. Anat. Entwicklungsgesch. 144: 61-73, 1974.

54. LASIEWSKI, R. C, AND W. R. DAWSON. A re-examination of the relation between standard metabolic rate and body weight in birds. Condor 69: 13-23, 1967.

55. LASSEK, A. M., AND G. L. RASMUSSEN. A quantitative study of newborn and adult spinal cords of man. J. Comp. Neural. 69: 371-379, 1938.

56.LATIMER, H. B. The weight of the brain, of its parts, and of the spinal cord of the frog, turtle, and dog. J. Comp. NeuroL. 38: 49-71, 1924.

57. LATIMER, H. B. The weights of the brain and of its parts, of the spinal cord and of the eye-balls in the adult cat. J. Comp. Neural. 68: 395-404, 1938.

58. LATIMER, H. B. The weights of the brain and of its parts, and the weight and length of the spinal cord in the dog. Growth 6: 39-57, 1942.

59. LATIMER, H. B. The relative weights of the major divisions of the brain and the cord in several species of animals. Univ, Kans. Sci. Bull. 31: 211-221, 1946.

60. LATIMER, H. B. The weights of the brain and of its parts and the weight and length of the spinal cord in the adult male guinea pig. J. Comp. Neurol. 93: 37-51, 1950.

61. LATIMER, H. B., AND P. B. SAWIN. The weight of the brain, of its parts, and the weight and length of the spinal cord in the rabbit (race X). J, Comp. Neurol. 103: 513-539, 1955.

62. LEE, R. C. Size and basal metabolism of the adult rabbit. J. Nutr. 18: 489-500, 1939.

63. LE FEVRE, M. E. Effects of ouabain and high K+ on respiration of turtle brain and urinary bladder in vitro. Comp. Biochem. Physiol, A 45: 283-292, 1973.

64. MANDEL, P., R. BIETH, AND J. D. WEILL. General metabolism of the rat brain during post-natal development. In: Metabolism of the Nervous System, edited by D, Richter. London: Pergamon, 1957, p. 291-296.

65. MCILWAIN, H. Electrical influences and speed of chemical change in the brain. Physiol. Rev. 36: 355-375, 1956.

66. MCILWAIN, H. Biochemistry and the Central Nervous System (4th ed.). Boston: Little, Brown, 1971.

67. MICHENFELDER, J. L)., AND R. A. THEYE. Hypothermia: effect on canine brain and whole-body metabolism. Anesthesiology 29: 1107-1112, 1968.

68. NILSSON, B., AND B. K. SIESJÖ A method for determining blood flow and oxygen consumption in the rat brain. Acta physiol. Scand. 96: 72-82, 1976,

69. NORTHCUTT, R. G. Elasmobranch central nervous system organization and its possible evolutionary significance. Am. Zool. 17: 411-429, 1977.

70. PEARSON, O. P. The rate of metabolism of some small mammals. Ecology 28: 127-145, 1947.

71. PETERSON, R. H., AND J. M. ANDERSON. Effects of temperature on brain tissue oxygen consumption in salmonid fishes. Can. J. 2001.47: 1345-1353, 1969.

72. PILBEAM, D. The Ascent of Man. New York: Macmillan, 1972.

73. PILLERI, G., AND M. GIHR. The central nervous system of the Mysticete and Odontocete whales. Invest. Cetaceans 2: 89-127, 1970.

74. POTTER, R. L. Regional differences of respiration in bullfrog brain based on cell density. J. Neurobiol. 8: 133-139, 1977.

75. PROSSER, C. L. Comparative Animal Physiology. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1973, vol. I, p. 165-206.

76. QUIRING, D. P. Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates. New York: McGraw, 1950.

77. RABL-RÜCKHARD. Das central Nervensystem des Alligators. Z. Wiss. Zool. Abt. A. 30: 336-375, 1878.

78. RADINSKY, L. B. The fossil evidence of prosimian brain evolution, In: The Primate Brain, edited by C. R. Noback and W. Montagna. New York: Appleton, 1970, p. 209-224.

79. RIDGWAY, S. H., N. J. FLANIGAN, AND J. G. MCCORMICK. Brain-spinal cord ratios in porpoises: possible correlations with intelligence and ecology. Psychonom. Sci, 6: 491-492, 1966.

80. RIESE, W., AND H. RIESE. Investigations on the brain weight of the baboon (Papio papio desm.) J. Comp, Neurol. 96: 127-237,1952.

81. ROBIN, E. D., H. V. MURDAUGH, JR., AND J. E. MILLEN. Gill gas exchange in the dogfish shark (Abstract). Federation Proc. 23: 469, 1964.

82. ROSENBERG, J. Métabolisme du tissu nerveux de la grenouille. Rana esculenta l pendant le repos. Arch. Int. Physiol. 41: 434-445, 1935.

83. SACHER, G. A., AND E. F. STAFFELDT. Relation of gestation time to brain weight for placental mammals: implications for the theory of vertebrate growth. Am. Nat. 108: 593-615,1974.

84. SCHMIDT, C. F., S. S. KETY, AND H, H. PENNES. The gaseous metabolism of the brain of the monkey. Am. J. Physiol. 143: 33-52, 1945,

85. SCHMIDT-NIELSEN, K., E. C. CRAWFORD, JR., A. E. NEWSOME, K. S. RAWSON, AND H. T, HAMMEL. Metabolic rate of camels: effect of body temperature and dehydration. Am. J, Physiol. 212: 341-346, 1967.

86. SCHOLANDER, P. F., R, HOCK, V. WALTERS, AND L. IRVING. Adaptation to cold in arctic and tropical mammals and birds in relation to body temperature, insulation, and basal metabolic rate. Biol. Bull. 99: 259-271, 1950,

87. SOKOLOFF, L. Relation between physiological function and energy metabolism in the central nervous system. J. Neurochem. 29: 13-26, 1977.

88. SOUTH, F. E., JR. Rates of oxygen consumption and glycolysis of ventricle and brain slices, obtained from hibernating and nonhibernating mammals, as function of temperature. Physiol. Zool. 31: 6-15, 1958.

89. STRAUS, W. L., JR, Note on the spinal cord of the finback whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 57: 317-329, 1935.

90. TOWER, D. B. Structural and functional organization of mammalian cerebral cortex: the correlation of neurone density with brain size. J. Comp. Neurol, 101: 19-46, 1954.

91. VERNBERG, F. J., AND I, E. GRAY. A comparative study of the respiratory metabolism of excised brain tissue of marine teleosts. Biol, Bull. 104: 445-449, 1953.

92. ZIEHEN, T. Central Nervensystem. In: Handbuch der Anatomie des Menschen, edited by K. V. Bardeleben. Berlin: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1899.


previous page
home page