Brain Mechanisms for Offense, Defense, and Submission
References A-E Page 58


Title/Abstract page

Introduction
Pages 1 - 2

Defense: motivational mechanism
Page 3

Defense: motivating stimuli
Pages 4 - 5

Defense: motor patterning mechanism
Page 6

Defense: releasing & directing stimuli
Page 7

Submission
Pages 8 - 9 - 10

Offense
Pages 11 - 12

Primitive mammals & primates
Page 13

Discussion
Pages 14 - 15 - 16

Figure 1: Defense
Page 17

Figure 2: Submission
Page 18

Figure 3: Interaction
Page 19

Figure 4: Offense
Page 20

Figure 5: Composite
Page 21

Open Peer Commentary
Pages 22-49

Author's Response:
motivational systems

Pages 50 - 51 - 52

Author's Response:
alternative analyses

Page 53

Author's Response:
specific questions

Pages 54 - 55 - 56

Author's Response:
conclusion

Page 57

References A-E
Page 58

References F-M
Page 59

References N-Z
Page 60

Acknowledge-
ments

Page 61


REFERENCES

Adams, D. B. (1968) The activity of single cells in the midbrain and hypothalamus of the cat during affective defense behavior. Archives Italiennes de Biologie 106:243-69. [DBA]

         (1971) Defence and territorial behaviour dissociated by hypothalamic lesions in the rat. Nature 232:573-74. [DBA]

         (1976) The relation of scent-marking, olfactory investigation, and specific postures in the isolation-induced fighting of rats. Behaviour 56:286-97. [DBA]

         (1977) The conspecific defense modulator (abstract). American Zoologist 17:927. [DBA]

         (1978) A possible single genetic locus determining differences in competitive fighting of highly inbred rats. Behavior Genetics 8:535. [DBA]

         (in press) Inborn and acquired aspects of offense and defense motivational systems in muroid rodents. In Gagra symposium on neurophysiology of memory. Tbilisi, USSR. [DBA]

         (submitted for publication) Motivational systems of aggressive behavior in muroid rodents: a comparative review and neural model. [DBA]

Adams, D. B.; Baccelli. G.; Mancia, G.; and Zanchetti, A. (1969) Cardiovascular changes during naturally elicited fighting behavior in the cat. American Journal of Physiology 216:1220-35. [DBA]

Adams, D. B., and Flynn, J. P. (1966) Transfer of an escape response from tail shock to brain stimulated attack behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 9:401-8. [DBA]

Adams, D. B., and Severini, W. H. (1977) Visual pathways that guide pain-induced defensive boxing in rats (abstract). Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 10:268. [DBA]

Albert, D. J., and Brayley, K. N. (1979, in press) Mouse killing and hyperreactivity following lesions of the medial hypothalamus, the lateral septum, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, or the region ventral to the anterior septum. Physiology and Behavior. [DBA]

Albert, D. J.; Brayley, K. N; and Milner, J. (1978) Killing of mice by rats: suppression by medial hypothalamic stimulation. Physiology and Behavior 21:667-70. [DBA]

Albert, D. J., and Richmond, S. E. (1975) Septal hyperreactivity: a comparison of lesions within and adjacent to the septum. Physiology and Behavior 15:339-47. [DBA]

         (1977) Reactivity and aggression in the rat: induction by alpha-adrenergic blocking agents injected ventral to anterior septum but not into lateral septum. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 91:886-96 [DBA] Physiology and Behavior 20:755-61. [DBA]

         (1978b) Irritability, muricide, and intraspecific aggression in the rat produced by infusion of local anesthetic into the lateral septum and surrounding areas. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 92:1062-73. [DBA]

Albus, J. S. (1971) A theory of cerebellar function. Mathematical Biosciences 10:25-61. [GGB]

Alexander, M., and Perachio, A. A. (1973) The influence of target sex and dominance on evoked attack in rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 38:543-48 (DBA]

Anand, B K., and Brobeck, J. R. (1951) Hypothalamic control of food intake in rats and cats. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 24:123-40.

Andrew, R. J.(1962) The situations which evoke vocalization in primates. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 102:296-315 (RJA]

         (1973) The evocation of calls by diencephalic stimulation in the conscious chick. Brain, Behavior, and Evolution 7:424-46. (DBA, RJA]

         (1975) Midbrain mechanisms of calling and their relation to emotional states. In Wright, P.; Caryl P. G.; and Vowles. D. M., eds. Neural and endocrine aspects of behaviour in birds. Elsevier: Amsterdam. [RJA]

Andrew, R. J., and DeLanerolle, N. (1974) The effects of muting lesions on emotional behaviour and behaviour normally associated with calling. Brain, Behavior, and Evolution 10:377-99. [DBA, RJA]

Archer, J. (1976) The organisation of aggression and fear in vertebrates. In Perspectives in ethology. vol. 2, pp 231-98. New York: Plenum Press. [PRW]

Auerbach, A. A., and Bennett, M. V.L. (1969) Chemically mediated transmission at a giant fiber synapse in the central nervous system of a vertebrate. Journal of General Physiology 53:183-237. [RMG]

Azrin, N. H.. Hutchinson, R. R.: and Hake, D. F. (1966) Extinction-induced aggression. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 9:191- 204. [BE]

Baerends, G.P. (1976) The functional organisation of behaviour. Animal Behaviour 24:726-38. (PRW]

Ball, G. G.; Micco, D. J.; and Berntson, G. G. (1974) Cerebellar stimulation in the rat: complex stimulation-bound oral behaviors and self-stimulation. Physiology and Behavior 13:123-27. (GGB]

Bandler, R. J. and Chi, C. C. (1972) Effects of olfactory bulb removal on aggression: a reevaluation. Physiology and Behavior 8:207-11. [BS]

Bard, P, and Macht, M. B. (1958) The behavior of chronically decerebrate cats. In Wolstenholme, G. E. W., and O'Connor, C. M., eds., Neurological basis of behavior. London: J. and A. Churchill. [DBA]

Baxter, B. L. (1967) Comparison of the behavioral effects of electrical or chemical stimulation applied at the same brain loci. Experimental Neurology 19:412-32. [DBA, RJB, LD. RJW]

         (1968) Elicitation of emotional behavior by electrical or chemical stimulation applied at the same loci in cat mesencephalon. Experimental Neurology 21:1-10. [DBA]

Bazett, H. C., and Penfield, W. G. (1922) A study of the Sherrington decerebrate animal in the chronic as well as the acute condition. Brain 45:185-222. [DBA]

Beeman, E. A. (1947) The effect of male hormone on aggressive behavior in mice. Physiological Zoology 20: 373-405. [RG]

Beleslin, D. B., and Samardzic, Ranka (1977) Muscarine- and carbachol- induced aggressions: fear and irritable kinds of aggressions Psychopharmacology 55:233-36 [BE]

Bergquist, E. H. (1970) Output pathways of hypothalamic mechanisms for sexual, aggressive, and other motivated behaviors in opossum. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 70:389-98. [DBA]

Berman, A. J.; Berman, D.: and Prescott, J. W. (1974) The effect of cerebellar lesions on emotional behavior in the rhesus monkey. In Cooper, I.S.; Riklan, M.; and Snider, R. S., eds. The cerebellum, epilepsy, and behavior. New York; Plenum Press. [GGB]

Berman, N. (1977) Connections of pretectum in cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 174:227. [DBA]

Bermond, B. (1978) Neuro-hormonal regulation of aggressive and sexual behavior in the rat. Doctoral dissertation, University of Amsterdam. [DBA]

Berstein, H., and Moyer, K. E. (1970) Aggressive behavior in the rat: effects of isolation and olfactory bulb lesions. Brain Research 20:75-84. [BS]

Berntson, C. C. (1972) Blockade and release of hypothalamically and naturally elicited aggressive behaviors in cats following midbrain lesions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 81;541-54. [DBA]

Berntson, C. C. and Micco, R J. (1976) Organization of brainstem behavioral systems. Brain Research Bulletin 471-483. [GGB]

Berntson, C. C. and Paulucci, T. S. (In press) Cerebellar influence on brainstem behavioral substrates. Brain Research Bulletin. [GGB]

Bernston, C. C.. Potolicchio, S. J. and Miller, N. E. (1973) Evidence for higher functions of the cerebellum: eating and grooming elicited by cerebellar stimulation in cats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 70:2497-99. [GGB]

Beyer, C. Tindal, J. S.. and Sawyer, C. H. (1962) Electrophysiological study of projections from mesencephalic central gray matter to forebrain in the rabbit. Experimental Neurology 6:435-50. [DBA]

Bindra, D. (1969) A unified interpretation of emotion and motivation. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 159;1071-83, [DBA]

Blanchard, D. C.; Blanchard, R. J; Lee, E. M. C.; and Nakamura, S. (1979) Defensive behaviors in rats following septal and septal-amygdala lesions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 93:378-90, [DBA, RJB]

Blanchard, D. C.; Blanchard, R J.; Takahashi, L. K.; and Takahashi, T. (1977b) Septal lesion and aggressive behavior. Behavioral Biology 21:157-61. [DBA, RJR, DAY]

Blanchard, R. J., and Blanchard, D. C. (1968) Limbic lesions and reflexive fighting. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 66(3): 603-5. [DBA, BE]

         (1977) Aggressive behaviour in the rat. Behavioral Biology 21:197-224 [RJB, RJR]

Blanchard, R. J.; Blanchard, D, C.; and Takahashi, L. K. (1977) Reflexive fighting in the albino rat; aggressive or defensive behaviour? Aggressive Behavior 3:145-55. [RJR]

         (1978) Pain and aggression in the rat. Behavioral Biology 23:291-305. [RJR]

Blanchard, R. J.; Blanchard, D. C.; Takahashi, L. K.; and Kelley, M. J. (1977) Attack and defensive behavior in the albino rat. Animal Behaviour 25:622-34. [RJB, RJR}

Blanchard, R. J.; Fukunaga, K R; and Blanchard, D. C. (1976) Environmental control of defensive reactions to a cat. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 8:179-81. [DBA]

Blanchard, R. J.; Fukunaga, K R.; Blanchard, D. C.; and Kelley, M.J. (1975) Conspecific aggression in the laboratory rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 89:1204-09. [DBA, RJR]

Blanchard, R. J.; Takahashi, L. K.; and Blanchard, D. B. (1977) The development of intruder attack in colonies of laboratory rats. Animal Learning and Behavior 5:365-69 [RJR]

Blanchard, R. J.; Takahashi, L. K.; Fukunaga, K. K.; and Blanchard, D, C. (1977c) Functions of the vibrissae in the defensive and aggressive behavior of the rat. Aggressive Behavior 3:231-40. [RJR]

Blumenschine, R.J.; Mink, J.W.; and Adams, D.B. (Basal metabolism predicts size of vertebrate CNS. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 4:97. [DBA]

Bohus, B.. and deWied, D. (1967) Avoidance and escape behavior following medial thalamic lesions in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 64:26-29. [DBA]

Boshka, S. C.; Welsman. M. H.; and Thor, D. H. (1966) A technique for inducing aggression in rats utilizing morphine withdrawal. Psychological Record 16:541-43. [BE]

Bowden, N. J., and Brain, P. F. (1978) Blockade of testosterone-maintained intermale fighting in albino laboratory mice by an aromatization inhibitor. Physiology and Behavior 201:543-46. [PFB]

Brady, J. V., and Nauta, W. J. H. (1953) Subcortical mechanisms in emotional behavior: affective changes following septal forebrain lesions in the albino rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 46:339-46. [DBA]

Brain, P, F. (1977) Hormones and aggression, vol. 1, Annual Research Reviews. Montreal: Eden Press. [PFB]

         (1978) Hormones and aggression, vol. 2, Annual Research Reviews. Montreal: Eden Press. [PFB]

         (1979) Hormones and aggression; vol. 3, Annual Research Reviews. Montreal: Eden Press. [PFB]

Brain, P. F., and Bowden, N. J. (1979) Sex steroid control in intermale fighting in albino laboratory mice. In Essman, W. B., and Valzelli L., eds. Current developments in psychopharmacology, vol.5, pp. 403-65. New York: Spectrum Publications. [PFB]

Brain, P, F., and Haug, M.(in press) Implication of urinary pheromones in the attack directed by groups of castrated mice towards female intruders. Journal of Endocrinology. [PFB]

Brayley, K. N, and Albert. D. J. (1977) Suppression of VMH-lesion induced reactivity and aggressiveness by electrical stimulation ventral to the anterior septum in the rat. Physiology and Behavior 18:567-71. [DBA, DJA]

         (1977a) Suppression of VMH-lesion induced reactivity and aggressiveness by stimulation of the lateral septum but not the medial septum or cingulate cortex in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 91:290-99. [DJA]

Bronson, F.H., and Desjardins, C, (1970) Neonatal androgen administration and adult aggressiveness in female mice. General and Comparative Endocrinology 88:320-25. [RG]

Brown, J. L. (1975) The evolution of behavior. New York: W. W. Norton and Co. [DBA]

Brown, J. L; Hunsperger, R, W.; and Rosvold, H. E. (1969a) Defence, attack and flight elicited by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus of the cat. Experimental Brain Research 8:113-29. [DBA]

         (l969b) Interaction of defence and flight reactions produced by simultaneous stimulation at two points in the hypothalamus of the cat. Experimental Brain Research 8:130-49: [DBA]

Buchholz, D. (1976) Spontaneous and centrally induced behaviors in normal and thalamic opossums. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 9O:898-908. (GGB]

Buchtel, H. A.,(1970) Visual learning deficits following cerebellar damage in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 72:296-305. [GGB]

Buddington, R. W.; King. F,A.; and Roberts, L. (1967) Emotionality and conditioned avoidance responding in the squirrel monkey following septal injury. Psychonomic Science 8:195-96. [DBA]

Bugbee, N. M., and Eichelman, B.S. (1972) Sensory alterations and aggressive behavior in the rat: Physiology and Behavior 8:981-85. [BS]

Bunnell, B. N. (1966) Amygdaloid lesions and social dominance in the hooded rat. Psychonomic Science 6.93-94. [DBA]

Bunnell, B. N.; Sodetz, F. J.; and Shalloway, D. I. (1970) Amygdaloid lesions and social behavior in the golden hamster. Physiology and Behavior 5:153-61. [DBA]

Busch, D. E.. and Barfield, R. J. (1974) A failure of amygdaloid lesions to alter agonistic behavior in the laboratory rat. Physiology and Behavior 12:887-92. [DBA]

Butter, C. M.; Snyder. D. R.; and McDonald. J. A. (1970) Effects of orbital frontal lesions on aversive and aggressive behaviors in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 72:132-44. [DBA]

Cain, D. P. (1974) Olfactory bulbectomy: neural structures involved in irritability and aggression in the male rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 86:213-20. [DBA]

Carli, G,; Malliani.A.; and Zanchetti, A. (1963) Midbrain course of descending pathways mediating sham rage behavior. Experimental Neurology 7:210-23. [DBA]

Chaurand, J. P.; Vergnes. M.; and Karli. P. (1972) Mesencephalic central gray and the rat's mouse-killing behavior (in French). Physiology and Behavior 9:475-81. [DBA, PK]

Chi, C. C. (1970) An experimental silver study of the ascending projections of the central gray substance and adjacent tegmentum in the rat with observations in the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 139:259-72. [DBA]

Childs, G., and Brain, P. F. (1979a) A videotape analysis of biting targets employed in intraspecific fighting encounters in laboratory mice from four treatment categories. IRCS Medical Science 7:44. [PFB]

         (1979b) A videotape analysis of behavioural strategies of attacked anosmic mice in encounters with three different types of conspecific. IRCS Medical Science 7:80. [PFB]

Clark, M. M., and Galef, B. G. (1977) The role of the physical rearing environment in the domestication of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Animal Behaviour 25:298-316 [DBA]

Colgan, P. W., ed. (1978) Quantitative ethology. New York: John Wiley & Sons. [PRW]

Davis, W. J. (1977) The command neuron. In Hoyle, G.., ed. Identified neurons and behavior of arthropods, pp. 293-305. New York: Plenum Press. [RMG]

Decsi, L.(1974) Behavioral effect of intracerebrally injected carbachol on unrestrained cats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 2:141-43 [LD]

Decsi, L., and Karmos-Varszegi, M. (1969) Fear and escape reaction evoked by the intrahypothalamic injection of d-tubocurarine in unrestrained cats. Acta Physiologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 36:95-104. [LD]

Decsi, L., and Nagy, J. (1974) Chemical stimulation of the amygdala wIth special regard to influence on the hypothalamus. Neuropharmacology 13:1153-62. [DBA, LD]

         (1977a) Adrenergic modulation of a cholinergic emotional reaction in the cat's thalamus. Psychopharmacology 54:303-5. [LD]

         (1977b) Catecholaminergic and cholinergic interaction in some extrastriatal brain regions. Polish Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacy 29:197-98. [LD]

Decsi, L.; Varszegi, K. M.; and Mehes, J. (1969) Direct chemical stimulation of various subcortical brain areas in unrestrained.cats. In Lissak, K., ed. Recent developments in neurobiology in Hungary, II. Budapest; Publishing House of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. [LD]

DeLanerolle, N., and Andrew, R. J. (1974) Midbrain structures controlling vocalization in the domestic chick. Brain, Behavior, and Evolution 10:354 76. [DBA]

Delgado, J. M. R. (1963) Cerebral heterostimulation in a monkey colony. Science 141:161-63. [DBA]

         (1967) Social rank and radio-stimulated aggressiveness in monkeys. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 114.383-90. [JMRD]

Delgado, J. M. R., and Mir, D. (1969) Fragmental organization of emotional behavior in the monkey brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 159:731-51. [JMRD]

Delgado, J. M. R.; Sanguinetti, A. M.; and Mora, F., (1973) Aggressive behavior in gibbons modified by caudate and central gray stimulation: International Research Communications System Medical Science, Sept., 16-2-32. [JMRD]

Dostrovsky, J. 0., and Deakin, J. F. W. (1977) Periaqueductal grey lesions reduce morphine analgesia in the rat. Neuroscience Letters 4:99-103. [DBA]

Douglas, R. J.; Isaacson, R. L.; and Moss, R L. (1969) Olfactory lesions, emotionality and activity. Physiology and Behavior 4:379-81. [BS]

Dreifuss, J. J., and Murphy, J. T. (1968) Convergence of impulses upon single hypothalamic neurons. Brain Research 8:167-76. [DBA]

DSM III (1978) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. [BE]

Eccles, J. C. (1977) An instruction-selection theory of learning in the cerebellar cortex. Brain Research 127:327-52. [GGB]

Eclancher, F., and Karli, P. (1971). Comportement d'aggression interspecifique et comportement alimentaire du rat: effets de lesions des noyaux ventromedians de l'hypothalamus. Brain Research 26:71-79. [DJA]

Edwards, D. A. (1968) Mice: fighting by neonatally androgenized females. Science 161:1027-28. [RG]

Edwards, M. A., and Adams, D. B. (1974) Role of midbrain central gray in pain-induced defensive boxing of rats. Physiology and Behavior 13:113-21. [DBA)

Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1970) Ethology: the biology of behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [DBA]

         (1977) Evolution of destructive aggression. Aggressive Behavior 3.127-44. [PFB]

Eichelman, B. (1971) Effect of subcortical lesions on shock-induced aggression in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 74:331-39. [DBA, BE, BS]

Engel, G. L., and Smale, A. H. (1972) Conservation withdrawal: a primary regulation process for organismic homeostasis. In Physiology, emotions and psychosomatic illness. Ciba Foundation Symposium 8 (new series), vol. l, pp.57-85. Amsterdam. Elsevier-Excerpta Medica. [HL]

Erskine, M.S.; Barfield, R. I.; and Goldman, B. D. (in press) Postpartum aggression in rat. I: Effect of hypophysectomy. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. [RG]

Ewert, J.-P. (1970) Neural mechanism of prey-catching and avoidance behavior in the toad ( Bufo bufo L.). Brain, Behavior, and Evolution 3:36-56. [DBA]

(end of section)

previous page
home page
next page