A similar Peace Initiative has also been taken by the World Association of Girl Guides and Scouts. The Initiative, undertaken from 1993-1996, renews the Association's long standing individual and group efforts to make peace a reality. A series of learning modules have been developed for Association members in 129 countries on topics such as culture and international understanding, pluralism and diversity, conflict resolution, reconciliation and rebuilding, and women as peacemakers. The Initiative emphasizes learning to apply basic principles of peace in everyday life: 'A commitment to Peace is not just about signing declarations and high profile intervention work; it is more often about the day to day behaviours and interaction that individuals have with family, friends and colleagues, and the attitudes held towards those with whom they do not immediately identify.'
Peace education is emphasized by the World Association of Girl Guides and Scouts. They emphasize that in the past education was designed to make people (men) strong, rich and intelligent 'in order to dominate and progress at the expense of others'. Today, 'the very basis of the educational system must change. The principle of strength must be replaced by the principle of mutual help. Everyone must be educated for peace. All must be taught that it is essential to go beyond selfish behaviour and commit ourselves to the development of others, to justice and to establish amicable relations between human beings.'

Professional organizations

Professional organizations are already linked up in many cases through worldwide communications and engaged in joint activities which promote the sense of global solidarity which is fundamental to a culture of peace. Here we mention two of the many such examples, those of international organizations of physicians and psychologists.

In 1985, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW). The IPPNW is a federation of more than 145,000 physicians and health professionals worldwide dedicated to mobilizing the influence of the medical profession against the threat of nuclear weapons. The chance meeting ('we by chance bumped into each other in an elevator in New Delhi') in 1966, at the height of the Cold War, of two leading cardiologists, Dr Bernard Lown of the United States and Dr Yevgeny Chazov of the former Soviet Union, was the impetus for its formation. The IPPNW pledged to involve physicians from both East and West 'to protect life and preserve health ... as a consequence of their professional commitments.'
In accepting the Nobel Prize, Dr Chazov proposed the inclusion in the Hippocratic Oath of a commitment to fight against the danger of a nuclear war, adding that such an amendment had already been officially made to the Soviet physicians' oath. Echoing UNESCO's Constitution he said, 'IPPNW are aware of the fact that wars start not from bombs dropped or shots fired they start in the minds of people and are the result of political decisions'. Dr Lown, for his part, compared nuclear buildup to a cancer, and quoted Albert Einstein, who said, 'peace cannot be kept by force. It can only be achieved by understanding.'
The psychological sciences have a special role to play in the movement for a culture of peace - they can provide scientific principles by which peace can be 'constructed in the minds of men and women'. Psychologist Michael Wessels, head of the Peace Committee of the International Union of Psychological Sciences (IUPS) which links the various national associations of psychologists, wrote of this in a special issue of UNESCO Sources devoted to the subject. He explained research - 'the Robbers Cave Experiment' - which shows that the most