Figure 3. Temporal association of attack by the resident rat and dominant monkey with submission by the intruder rat and subordinate monkey. The frequencies of offense and submission are shown for each minute before, during, and after the initial attack. The minute of the initial attack is shown by an arrow; by definition the number of attacks in that minute is one or greater. It is important to note that most initial attacks by monkeys took place in the first minute of the test; therefore, there is rarely any behavior shown for minutes preceding the attack. Most initial attacks by rats, on the other hand, occurred several minutes after the test had begun.