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Introduction
Page 1
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Materials and Methods
Pages 2 - 3
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Discussion
Pages 8 - 9
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Conclusions
Page 10
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References
Page 11
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Figures 1- 8
Figures 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8
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Tables I-IV
Tables I - II - III - IV
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Facial expressions were also associated with particular acts and postures, or categories of acts and postures. The dynamic expressions, lip smacking and the teeth chattering face, were associated with sexual behaviors, as shown in Table II. Lip smacking was significantly associated with mounting, presenting, autostimulation, and masturbation. The teeth chattering face was significantly associated with mounting, presenting, and masturbation.
The analysis of static facial expressions was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, the various combinations of the 30 acts and postures were considered in combinations with all 13 gradations of lip and mouth positions. It was evident, however, that there was considerable variability in both the animals' expressions and in our discriminations. Yawning, for example, although it usually involved maximal opening of the mouth, also involved a variety of degrees of lip retraction; therefore the notation might be Fc41, Fc42, or Fc43, which we will abbreviate as Fc4X. Similarly the submissive behaviors were accompanied by baring of the teeth with varying degrees of mouth opening; therefore the notation could include either Fc23 or Fc33, which we will refer to as Fc23/33. Furthermore, non-masturbatory autostimulation was accompanied by a facial expression involving wide opening of the mouth but varying degrees of lip retraction, which may include Fc31, Fc32, or Fc33 to be abbreviated here as Fc3X. Therefore, the procedure for the analysis of static facial expressions was carried out in terms of their association with acts and postures, rather than independently from that association.
The final results of the analysis of facial expressions are included in Table II. The results are similar to the results presented by Bertrand [1969] in her Table IX, although our methodology did not begin from attribution of motivational differences to these expressions. The expression Fc31 that occurred in association with lunging or hitting out without contact corresponds to her "open mouth threat face." The expression Fc23/33 that occurred mostly during running away, crouching, and presenting corresponds to her category of "bared teeth fright face." The facial expression Fc13 that occurred mostly during running away or rough restraint corresponds to her category of "grin" in terms of the former association and to what one might call a "grimace" in terms of the latter. The expression Fc4X corresponds to Bertrand's yawning behavior which she listed under acts rather than facial expressions. The expressions Fc21 and Fc3X that occurred in association with masturbation and non-masturbatory autostimulation, respectively, were not described by Bertrand, but were described by Chevalier-Skolnikoff [1974] under the name "frowning round mouthed look" which she also found to occur in the context of sexual behavior.
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