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Introduction
Page 1
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Discussion
Pages 7 - 8 - 9 - 10
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References
Page 11
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The various acts and postures of both rats and monkeys can be classified into a set of categories based upon the nonrandom within-animal sequential associations in which they occur. As shown in Figures 1 and 2 for the resident rat and dominant monkey, respectively, these categories include behaviors that may be termed offense, sex, self-grooming, and allogrooming for both species. In the rat there is a category that may be called patrol/marking (referred to as "exploration/marking" in previous publications); while in the monkey there is a different category that may be called display. In the intruder rat and subordinate monkey the behavioral categories and within-animal sequences are also similar in most respects; however, instead of offense behaviors which do not occur, there is a category of behaviors that occur in response to offense of the opponent and which may be termed submission.
Virtually all of the nonrandom within-animal sequences of acts and postures and most of the vocalizations and facial expressions of both species in these studies could be subsumed in the analysis of the seven behavioral categories listed above. The only vocalizations of the rat, ultrasound and squealing, were associated with submissive behaviors, as noted below. Most of the vocalizations and facial expressions of the monkey were associated in nonrandom fashion with various motivational systems, either those shown in Figure 2 or other vocalizations and facial expressions nonrandomly associated with submission. In the monkey there were a few exceptions, however. Cooing and yawning occurred in association with sitting; grunting was not associated with any particular set of behaviors, but, instead, was emitted in response to grunts by the opponent.
Submissive behaviors of the intruder rat and subordinate monkey usually occurred in response to the offense behaviors of their opponent. This is illustrated in Figure 3 where it will be noted that many of the submissive behaviors occurred almost exclusively in the same minute as the offense behaviors of the opponent. In the rat, however, the behaviors of crouching, running away, ultrasound, and upright posture continued to occur during the remainder of the test despite the fact that the offensive attacks did not persist.
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