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Introduction
Page 1
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Results
Pages 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9
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Discussion
Pages 10 - 11
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References
Page 12
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Added figures
Pages 13 - 14 - 15
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Figures
Figures 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10
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6. Cells unaffected by any manipulation.
All 12 cells which were unaffected by any manipulation were found in the hypothalamus and thalamus. No unresponsive cells were found in the midbrain.
7. Correlation of electrical stimulation and recording results.
Electrical stimulation produced hissing, pupil dilation, and piloerection at the sites of all the midbrain cells which fired only during affective defense behavior and all but one of the midbrain cells which fired primarily during affective defense. The stimulation usually produced attack as well as hissing at the sites of these cells but in some cases the attack was not well directed or was interrupted by contralateral turning. Thus, the procedures of stimulation and recording were reversible at the sites of these cells; i. e. electrical stimulation produced affective defense while affective defense was accompanied by a specific electrical activity. Electrical stimulation also produced affective defense at the sites of other cells in the central gray with firing patterns unrelated to affective defense; i. e. the area implicated in affective defense by recording was smaller than the area implicated by stimulation. No correlation at all was found in the hypothalamus where stimulation in the region around the ventromedial nucleus regularly produced affective defense, but cells in that region seemed unrelated to the behavior. The only two cells in the diencephalon which fired primarily during affective defense were found at sites where such behavior could not be produced by stimulation. Affective defense was obtained by electrical stimulation at one point in nucleus ventralis postero-medialis of the thalamus in addition to midbrain and hypothalamic areas.
As mentioned previously, stimulation at the sites of cells which fired primarily during head movement produced analogous head movements or circling. Also, stimulation at the sites of cells which fired primarily in response to visual movement produced head turning or circling.
The effects obtained by electrical stimulation of the brain conformed generally to the results obtained in the classic studies of Hess (5). The data have been presented in Tables 1-5. Escape was defined as pushing vigorously against the door or leaping towards the top of the cage. Attack was defined as striking or biting the anesthetized rat or the dummy toy dog. Where biting on the rat was obtained, it was usually directed at the neck, and the cat would not eat horsemeat instead. At the one point in the posterior hypo- thalamus where eating behavior was obtained, the cat would not attack a rat. Arousal was defined as pupil dilation or looking around without other behavior or motor effects.
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